Although Wales, Scotland, Ireland and even England itself had histories of carrying babies with shawls, blankets and other fabrics, the practice was associated with poor, ignorant women who cared for their own infants while working on the farm, the family shop or other domestic enterprises. By the time Australia became home to British families, the industrial revolution had sent mothers out of the home to work in factories and mills, separate from their babies. The very old and very young were left to care for infants as best they could. Affluent women, by contrast, were able to out-source their children to nannies and nurses, freeing them to do good works in the community and accommodate an active social calendar. Queen Victoria popularised the new perambulator and baby carriers all but disappeared from use.